Robert Gallo, Scientist Who Co-Discovered HIV Offers Guidance to Patients as Omicron Increases

Dr. Robert Gallo

[ Music ]

Marianne O’Hare : Welcome to Conversations on Health Care with Mark Masselli and
Margaret Flinter, a show where we speak to the top thought leaders
in health innovation, health policy, care delivery, and the great minds
who are shaping the hea lthcar e of the future.

This week Mark and Margaret speak with Dr. Robert Gallo, co -
discoverer of HIV, the virus that launched the AIDS pandemic. His
groundbreaking research in that area led to the first test and
ultimately treatments for HIV. He's also founder of the Institute for
Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine ,
and the co - founder of the Global Virus Network, a consortium of
research institutes around the world focused on emerging viruses.
They're currently conducti ng global rese arch on COVID - 19.

Lori Robertson also checks in, the Managing Editor of F act C heck.org
and looks at misstatements spoken about health policy in the public
domain, separating the fake from the facts . We end with a bright idea
that's improving health and wel l being in everyday lives.

If you have comments, please e - mail us at [email protected] or find
us on Facebook , Twitter , or wherever you listen to podcast s . Now stay
tuned for our interview with Dr. Robert Gallo he re on Conversations
on Health Care.

[ Music ]

Mark Masselli: Dr. Robert Gallo is one of the world's preeminent virus hunters and
his experience and perspective are needed more than ever as the
world fights COVID and the Omicron variant. His accomplishment is
his co - discoverer of HIV, as the cause of AIDS means he can provide us
with important insight about Omicron . In fact, the South African
scientists who detected Omicron variant says it probably incubated in
a body of a person with an immune system affected by HIV or another
immune compromising condition.

Margaret Flinter: Dr. Gallo was portrayed by Alan Alda in the mov ie, And the Band
Played On. Today he’s the co - founder and director of the Institute of
Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine , as
well as the co - founder and international scientific adviser to the
Global Virus Network. And Dr. Gallo, we're so glad to have you with us
today.

Dr. Robert Gallo: Thank you.

Mark Masselli: T here was a lot made of connection between HIV patien ts in the
South African and Omicron . And I'm wondering what your thoughts
are on it that made headlines around the globe and what insight can
y ou give us on the connection?

Dr. Robert Gallo

Dr. Robert Gallo: Well, the f irst thing he said and I try to use this phrase. And t hat's the
three words I think we don't use enough. And that's, I don't know .
What I'm telling you would be opinion and what they're telling you is
obviously an interpretation. It's an opinion . Any RNA viru s mutates a
lot, all of them, whether it's HIV whic h is hard to transmit, because
HIV has very few target cells. So you can't compare the two
pandemics except for public health things. And for notions like let's
not forget already people are forgetting HIV until this thing hit, not
even listed in the great pandemics of the century when it's still
ongoing to a certain extent. So any one of these viruses, that's an RNA
virus, and particularly Coronavirus, have a chance to undergo great
genetic change rapidly. So think of like a slot machine with the
numbers c oming out and you're waiting for your pattern to come, you
know, stop this one works better, you know, they k eep changing and
keep changing.

So when you get infected by an RNA virus, the term quasi species has
been used. When you get infected you get an a mount of virus, not
one particle. But within the RNA viruses, there is extreme variation.
And once they infect the clock starts going and you're changing all the
time. That's the nature of this bea st. Now this one is exceptional.
SARS Coronavirus 2 in itse lf is exceptional and in that we have a
greater exception with this Omicron or whatever. So it's truly a major
genetic change of the kind that usually would take really much longer
if ever to reach this amount. So it does look, if you had to take a
guess , that something is impacted this other than its usual terrific
mutation rate.

South Africa was the home of the greatest epidemic of HIV on Earth.
My friend there is truly in the thick of it. He's the leader. His name is
Salim Abdool Karim. He heads their m ain i nstitute , their science
related to HIV and viruses. It's called CAPRISA. He's t he one that's
doing the talking. When he talks, listen. So if you're here, you want to
hear what's going on in South Africa watch for his name. When you're
learning somethi ng of what's going on there , its likely coming from
him. So I can only speculate it is not unreasonable. There are many
HIV infected people. Since President George W. Bush created the
President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief , m ost of them didn't
have any therapy but certainly today with that program and other
programs of helping Africa most people today get a crack at good
therapy. Yet the number of HIV infected people is very high in South
Africa. And so it is a rational thought that without a good im mune
system, this thing is going to be replicating more and more an d have a
chance to mutate more.

The other way of looking at is when you do have a good immune
system is that this guy tends to evolve away and mutate elsewhere
because of the immune pressu re on. But we haven't seen to

Dr. Robert Gallo

document cases where someone who has virtually no immune
system . If you're an untreated AIDS patient, you don't have much
immunity. So I would love to see this be proven, can get to a patient
right at the beginning. It wo uld b e fascinating to know that. It's a
reasonable idea but certainly not a proven one.

Margaret Flinter: Well, Dr. Gallo, our colleague Dr. Marwan Haddad here at Community
Health Center and the Weitzman Institute is now the Chair of the HIV
Medicine Associatio n and we've been engaged in the HIV epidemic
and work for 30 years . We're hearing in our support groups and in the
various circles that we have for our patients who live with the virus
that this is this most recent news is really kind of the pushes to the
edge in terms of worry and anxiety. What would your best advice be ,
should people living with HIV be engaging and even mor e social
distancing and masking, anything advice that you would have for
patients living with the virus right now?

Dr. Robert Gallo: W ell, first of all, we yet don't know how serious this is. I mean, we're
getting headlines everywhere because of its movement, right?
Remember, we get infected with seasonal Corona viruses a lot . They
cause virtually nothing. So we don't yet know how danger ous this is,
in terms of what happens. We're about a week away from having
certain answers. One is about the efficiency of the current vaccines.
But the question is, is it better to be dominated by this one? We don't
yet have enough disease stories yet. No one knows how, let's call it
deadly this is or provoking serious illness. We don't know that yet.
And we don't have the animal models ready yet. You know, I started
this thing called the Global Virus Network in 2011 but it's not really
running well. And w e can go to the people right off the bat of who to
call for what we need to know. And the best animal models are
developed in the Catholic University of Leuven in Leuven Belgium.
That tells us a lot because I mean, you know, they'll get sick if we get
sick . And you know, we can follow things pretty well with small animal
models. And we are going to find out how well they live with it. And
we'll also have data in people that have been infected.

So far, we're not hearing a lot of deaths from it right? Before we're
giving advice to people, we need to have a little more information . I
would say if we want to make a marker around Christmas time, we
should know . Let's say it's bad news, what would you advise those
people ? Of course, the person with HIV infection with a lower
immune system, particularly if your treatment is not on top of things,
this would possibly be catastrophic, right . So yeah, if I had HIV
infection, I'd want to be a little extra cautious. I sure want to know
who I was hanging around with. I mi ght want to stimulate my innate
immune system of interferon and natural killer cells nonspecific
vaccines, I'll just say a word about it, measles, mumps, rubella, that
are live can really stimulate the immune system, do no harm to you,

Dr. Robert Gallo

that might be helpfu l. But that's an old big scientific area that I'm
exploring and pushing. And then you want to be with people who are
vaccinated. You're not going to hibernate, but you better be careful in
crowds in doors and yeah sure, you should wear a mask.

Mark Masselli : That's a great roadmap. And you know, I am going to pull the thread a
little on, you said, you pulled together the Global Virus Network . We
really need a global solution to these problems. And I'm wondering, in
the early part of the virus in the 2020, wa s the Global Virus Network
able to work together. Tell us a little more about how you kept this
network together d uring those times.

Dr. Robert Gallo: The President of the Global Virus Network that we recruited Christian
Bréchot used to be President of Pas teur Institute in Paris and
President of Inserm, which is like their NIH that funds the various
science and medicine for France. So GVN is pretty strong right now
with corporate relationships and with 66 centers throughout the
world of excellence in virolo gy . We cover every single kind of virus
that there's known to be able to cause human disease. So we have
expertise in just about everything. And we can have that contact
immediately. Before you had heard things we were talking to GVN
people in China, as we ll as in Singapore experts, on the Coronaviruses .
So we kind of knew what was coming. We knew ahead of time that
they were going to publish the sequence of the entire genome, which
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they did on January 10 d espite being criticized for being too slow .
We ha d the sequence and could predict that the antibodies won't last
that a vaccine cannot last more than five to seven months was our
prediction back in January. But you know, you can't say too long
because that'll even cause people to be more reluctant to do things
they won't understand fully. So you don't say everything that you
know but yes , I think if you said I want to listen to government, let's
start by saying, well, which one?

The government's all different. Japan did nothing. Sweden said we
should hav e herd immunity. I was shocked by that. Boris Johnson,
Russia, President Trump , I mean, who do we listen to? And why
should I be restricted in my knowledge base about what one or two
government scientists want to say e ven if we're friends ? I have access
to the globe. So I think there has to be a bigger role for private
organizations without any question . In some way linked with WHO
and linked among themselves we need government for money for
oversight, and really, for final decisions. But I don't need them for my
sole source of scientific information, my God, mistakes scientifically
were made but they not limited to government, but we need not to
be limited by a few people. I mean, that's just ridiculous that I got to
hear the news all the time, same people, same level of expertise,
which gets highlighted is the super expertise, but it's not the reality.
The reality is we need the best in each category virus all over the

Dr. Robert Gallo

world and communication, and not being told what they want. Maybe
we should listen to Bol --- what’s his name --- Bolsonaro in Brazil , Jesus,
w hich President d o you listen to , right ? That's the point. Mexico,
Brazil, America, Sweden, Japan, England, they all went their separate
ways. That's a real less on in all of this, to me, in all the pandemics .

Margaret Flinter: Well, Dr. Gallo, I think you've made great points. I guess the question
we have is , it might have been better on this round if the NGOs had
had played a greater role, what is that group of organizations that can
speak, you know, with th e science and some authority about the
direction we should take as a global societ y, not just individual
nations?

Dr. Robert Gallo: Well, I don't want to say the Global Virus Network alone, far from it.
But obviously, that's a good beginning. It has 66 cen ters of excellence
in virology all over the world in every single continent except
Antarctica but everywhere else . I didn't want to make it related to
government, because we want ed China and Japan to be involved too
and t hey are involved. We just accepted two major centers from
Russia only last week so you know, we have some from Brazil, we
have several in South America, you know, many in the United States,
Europe, and Africa, you know, really high qualified and they're getti ng
more qualified by the minute. In Africa, you'd be really surprised how
good they're becoming. But also, we have those centers that are not
called centers of excellence, but we try to make them on the way
toward . We have some in India, we have some in Africa, we have
some in South Amer ica, we have some in Southeast Asia.

So I feel the advantage to us is we learn early of what's cooking on the
ground. You know, that's important. And the second advantage is, if
we had the money, you know, it had to have a room with a big wall
with lights on it. We're in the world of where we have a center. And
then we have like, if you press the second light what that center does
and its expertise. You get to know in time and you know, when you
knew people anyway in advance or you wouldn't call that cente r if
you knew they had somebody well known who was an expert. We
started with some flu people. We have the best flu guys that you can
imagine. So I think we could press that button and have access to. A
new disease comes it's gastrointestinal. It's coming out of Egypt.
We're sending soldiers there to help Egypt with something . What are
they going to do when they face there, you know, press a button
gastrointestinal viruses. Who do we have on Earth t hat's the most
expert and then we try to get funding to hel p and see what we could
do.

So the G VN does advocacy. It does training for young virologist . How
do you know that how do you go into virology? You go into it by
chance you hear a lecture, that's what. You know, I went in because I

Dr. Robert Gallo

played tennis with a Chi nese guy who was a very good virologist, and
convinced me if I was interested in leukemia and cancer that the
certain kinds of viruses known as retroviruses, which HIV is an
example, are often involved in leukemia . He got me going in that
direction. I neve r had formal training in virology. But I start ed paying
attention. Then I started going to lectures and then I start ed working
on it little by little . I got more and more into virology. This is chance .
We shouldn't do it by chance only. The primary purpose i s training
new young virologist, advocacy, and education would be the first one .

Mark Masselli: That must have been the most consequential tennis match in history.
So glad it happened. And, you know, I noted in The Baltimore Sun
interview you gave in Apr il, a real spot on prediction of where we'd be
now and you'd mentioned variants and boosters at that time. And
we've heard from Dr. Scott Gottlieb, who said the pandemic could be
over in the United States by January, but others say Omicron will
dominate an d overwhelm the world in 2022. I'm wondering what your
thoughts are right now as you sort of look out on the horizon.

Dr. Robert Gallo: Clearly that's happening so it's not exactly a prophet to say that that's
going to overwh elm, it's happening right now. But will it be true in a
year from now, I haven’t the foggiest notion . Will there be another
variant? Will this guy burn out into some extent ? It's hard to predict.
And I don't think we should predict when we don't know. You could
predict it right now it i s going to be overwhelming for a lot of nations.
That's true. But again, we don't know how serious this disease is
causing. Maybe that's not such a bad, bad thing. Maybe it'll induce a
good immune response and maybe it won't kill. Do we know this is
killin g people yet ? I don't think so. Yeah, I mean, you kind of hold on a
little bit . It’s a little premature to predict. It's not like when we saw
the genome published by the Chinese the genetic sequence and
looked at the s pike sequence we could make an irratio nal prediction .

We know the spike protein is going to have a lot of sugar on it. And
from our previous experience with HIV, flu, and other things, when
that happens, the cells that make antibodies are B cells called B
lymphocytes. Those cells select the t arget to make antibodies to such
a thing. We know we don't know exactly why and we're studying it
they don't live long. They don't mature to proper what we call plasma
cells that are the most mature cells that make antibodies that last
very long time, like your lifetime, like with Papillomavirus vaccines, or
measles, mumps, rubella, polio, smallpox, they last your lifetime. So
we said that back in January, this won't last more than six months,
we'll need boosting and boosting. We're going to --- so you can ma ke
predictions. It's too early to predict what's going to happen in a year
from now. We don't know enough about this fellow yet, other than it
replicates [inaudible 00:16:41] and has an amazing amount of genetic
modification in it compared to the others.

Dr. Robert Gallo

M argaret Flinter: You know, Dr. Gallo, I was stunned by how quickly we had the vaccine
for COVID. We gave our first vaccines here in our organization the last
week in December, just a year ago, and that was nine months after
here we are 30 years of respondi ng to the HIV epidemic , and we still
don't have that vaccine. What are your thoughts on whether we're
going to have a vaccine for HIV?

Dr. Robert Gallo: I gave a lecture on World AIDS Day, December 1, at the Gladstone
Institute at the University of Califor nia, San Francisco. Viruses are not
the same and of all things for an RNA virus HIV is super unique. Why ?
With an RNA virus respiratory like Corona viruses , like flu, it's not a
discovery to find the virus . It's dripping out of your nose and your
mouth. It 's obvious it's causing the disease, it's highly infectious. HIV is
very poorly infectious, takes body fluid. And by the time you get the
disease it's 10 years after you're infected . There was no way to
recognize . And by the time you get the disease, you h ave hardly any T
cells in your blood where we were looking for v irus. So it's very hard
to find.

With the respiratory virus like SARS Coronavirus 2 , one day, you know,
you just take the swab off the nose and you can see it under the
electron microscope or do a test for foreign RNA, and you'll see a viral
sequence come out in one day or two days, certainly in a week, you'll
know the cause. We have a lot of vaccines against these kinds of
viruses. It's not a big problem. But sure this was rapid. That's becau se
of the messenger RNA technology . But everybody knew we'd have a
vaccine for this, that it wouldn't be problematic. No question it would
respond to antibodies. This is far from the case with HIV.

When HIV infects less than 24 hours later, its genes are in you and me
and anybody who is a target, in our chromosomes, in our DNA
forever. So right off the bat, there's no time for an immune recall. You
get infected, you're going to get --- it takes what a few weeks to make
antibodies. And if you've already been vaccinated, it'll still take a few
days . By that time this virus is integrating and making variants already
and harming your immune system a t the same time. You know the
virus exists in this latent state but there's no virus to be seen. It's in
the genes o f you, and it pops up periodically when it feels like so it's a
completely different story.

Moreover, no one has been able to raise the antibodies to the right
level. You can't get the brea d th to cover all the variants of the virus
when they vary. It's no t like just minor changes that occur with SARS
Coronavirus 2 , but you're changing some things that make it no longer
recognizable to the envelope protein outside , it escapes right away.
So it has really tricky ways of avoiding the immune system . It's one o f
the viruses that the antibodies don't last similar to SARS Coronavirus 2
similar to the COVID. The y will las t about five months, six months . In

Dr. Robert Gallo

primate studies, when we even when we get an eff ect, it doesn't last
very long.

In top of that, you always wa nt to get your cells and you'd like your T
cells to respond also , not just antibodies. In fact, without T cells
helping to make the antibodies they’re called T helper cells. You don't
get antibodies. But when you make a T cell do that, it has to be what
we call activated. It's in a different metabolic state. But where does
HIV go? It goes into exactly those cells. So while you're doing that,
you're shooting yourself in the foot . You’re making more houses for
HIV, in which case, you might have a vaccine that went through the
first phase of solving the problems but you'd never know it because
your CD4 T - cells are getting infected more, not less, because you
made more houses for the virus. So there are a number of hurdles.

In fact, I've changed a s I said in my talk, and said this publicly before, I
think I had been wrong and the field is wrong and the field is hyper
funding only major consortiums that are looking fo r creative new
young scientists. Two big consortia all doing the same thing that are
getting fund ed from those groups that are funded by NIH. So what do
they concentrate on just as if it was, if it was the same as the COVID -
19 virus that is neutralizing antibodies . We don't reach the titer that's
needed. We don't reach the brea d th that's needed. This is 35 years
going down knocking , give me 40 years, right so t here's been going it's
37 years. And the first paper on neutralizing antibodies was my
colleague, Marjorie Guroff and myself in nature. And the field focuses
only on that.

I said at Gladstone UC SF that I think this pathway is wrong. The mass
funding in one direction is wrong. I think we need a lot more creative
thought on this , a lot more individual investigator initiated grants , and
I think I was personally wrong. You have to emphasize that b eca use
when you're critical that I emphasize too much antibodies in the early
I think it's going to be by cellular immunology, if we ever get an
answer. And I think it's possible that we will. But by that time, I'll
probably somewhere between Pluto and Mercur y , I don't know.

Mark Masselli: Well, I want to switch over that one vaccines to the mRNA platform
which has been successful in terms of the Pfizer and M o derna effort.
What's your thought on --- ?

Dr. Robert Gallo: Successful for whom? For you and me?

Mark M asselli: Well, I mean, it seems to have better efficacy than perhaps some of
the others .

Dr. Robert Gallo: Yes, for us but we don't get it out to people yet.

Mark Masselli: What are you seeing out in terms of other research that's going on
now, on autoimmu ne diseases and other cancer that's happening with

Dr. Robert Gallo

the mRNA? Are you following that at all or anything you want to share
with people , your hope for -- ?

Dr. Robert Gallo: Yes, I follow it, but I'm not the best person in our country to make the
best interpret ation of that. Yeah, I think there are reasonable things in
cancer. I don't expect home runs from it. My former postdoc who's a
senior scientist now at NIH has been well funded to do it for HIV. I
hope I'm wrong, I don't think it will mean a hill of beans for HIV
b ecause it's not the method. It's what's in the package. And I don't
think using just the envelope protein it's not , what we call the spike
protein, the same function. I don't think just producing it by
messenger RNA is going to make things serious ly better. I just don't
see it yet. But for some things, yeah, it's going to make a difference.
But it might, if I were running a company my first thought would n’t be
HIV I'll tell you that.

Margaret Flinter: We've been speaking today wit h Dr. Robert Gallo . He's the co - founder
and director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of
Maryland Schoo l of medicine. He's also the co - founder and
international scientific adviser to the Global Virus Network . Follow
him on Twitter @ DrRobert C Gal lo. Dr. Ga llo, I want to thank you for
your brilliant work and your straight talk and for joining us today on
Conversations on Health Care .

Dr. Robert Gallo: Thank you.

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Mark Masselli: At Conversations on Health Care we want our audience to be truly in
the kn ow when it comes to the facts about healthcare reform and
policy. Lori Robertson is an award winning journalist and Managing
Editor of FactCheck.org, a nonpartisan, nonprofit consumer advocate
for voters that aim to reduce the level of deception in U.S. Po litics.
Lori, what have you got for us this week?
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Lori Robertson: On November 24 , South Africa told the World Health Organization
that amid a recent increase in COVID - 19 cases, it had identified a new
variant, later named Omicron, with a high number of m utations,
raising concerns that it could spread more easily than other variants
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of the Coronavirus. On November 26 the WHO labeled it a variant of
concern, meaning it could be associated with an increase in
transmissibility or virulence . Researchers are still assessing that. The
same day the United States and other countries announced travel
restrictions on visitors from South Africa and nearby African countries.
What impact might those travel restrictions have? Studies on
international travel restriction s have shown they can slow the spread
of diseases if they're strict enough, but such restr ictions don't contain
diseases.

Dr. Robert Gallo

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The U . S . travel restrictions went into effect on November 29 , barring
most non - ci tizens who had been in Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho ,
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe in the 14
prior days from entering the U . S . However , the travel suspension
doesn't apply to U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents and
nationals or lawful permanent residents. President Joe Bide n said the
point of the travel limitation is to give the U . S . time to have people
get vaccinated or get booster doses of the COVID - 19 vaccines. He said
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in remarks on November 29 that the U . S . needed that time before
the Omicron variant was “ going to move around the world ”.

But the variant had already started to move around the world, with
cases detected in several European countries as well as Israel, Canada,
Australia and Hong Kong before the U . S . travel restrictions were
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implemented. In a November 27 interview with NBC News, Dr.
Anthony Fauci said he wouldn't be surprised if the variant had already
arrived to the U .S. And indeed it had. The CDC confirmed the first
st
known case in the US on December 1 . One study on travel
restrictions and other emergen cy measures put in place early in the
Coronavirus pandemic in China est imated that shutting down Wuhan,
China slowed the viruses spread to other citi es in the country by 2.91
days. Similarly, other stu dies have found modest effects.

This time, the U . S . ha s another tool t o limit the spread of the virus,
testing. The U . S . requires anyone including U . S . citizens , age two and
older flying into the country to get a viral test with a negative result
within one day of their flight to the United States. Testing ca n help
limit the spread but it's still possible for someone to test negative
early in the course of an infection before the amount of viru s is
sufficient to be detected.

And t hat's my fact check for this week. I'm Lori Robertson, Managing
Editor of FactCh eck.org.

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Margaret Flinter: FactCheck.org is committed to factual accuracy from the country's
major political players and is a project of the Annenberg Public Policy
Center at the University of Pennsylvania. If you have a fact that you'd
like checke d, e - mail us at www.chcradio.com , we'll have
FactCheck.org's Lori Robertson check it out for you here on Conversations on Health Care.

[ Music ]

Margaret Flinter: Each week Conversations highlights a bright idea abou t how to make
wellness a part of our communities and everyday lives. Stanford
based bio engineer Manu Prakash has a simple goal. He wants to create a portable medical lab small enough to fit in a backpack and

Dr. Robert Gallo

he's already developed a tool that fits the bil l. While sitting under a
tree in Uganda, he noticed that the local medical clinics door was
propped open by an expensive centrifuge machine, one that was
reliant on electricity now broken and no longer in use. And he
wondered how could he create a portable centrifuge that would be
inexpensive to make , easy to operate and easy to replace . His
inspiration came from a simple childhood toy, the whirligig , a toy that
functions by pulling two ends of a string threaded through a round
object like a button.

Manu Pr akash: So we spent a significant portion of this time truly understanding the
mathematical face - space for how you can convert linear motion into
rotational motion. There's some beautiful mathematics hidden inside
this object.

Margaret Flinter: So he took t his simple toy idea to another level creating a human
power ed centrifuge made from simple components, paper, twine and
plastic. All together each Paper fuge , as he calls it, can be constructed
in under two minutes and costs only 20 cents. And yet remarkably , it
works extremely efficiently.

Manu Prakash: With this set of principles, we're able to essentially make a centrifuge
that spins all the way to 120,000 rpm. In the lab, we can separate and
pull o ut malaria parasites from blood, separate blood plasma .

Ma rgaret Flinter: It's currently being tested for malaria diagnoses, but it's being readied
for far more complex diagnostic challenges.

Manu Prakash: This is a tool that requires no electricity, no infrastructure, and you
can carry them around in your pocket s for a price point of 20 cents .

Margaret Flinter: The Paper fuge, a cheap but highly effective field tool for clinicians
providing a portable solution to diagnostic challenges creating a
quicker pathway to diagnosis and treatment. Now that's a bright idea.

[ Music ]

Mark Masselli: You've been listening to Conversations on Health Care. I'm Mark
Masselli.

Margaret Flinter: And I'm Margaret Flinter.

Mark Masselli: Peace and Health

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Marianne O’Hare : Conversations on Health Care is recorded at WESU at Wesle yan
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Dr. Robert Gallo
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